Nondestructive Technique for Identifying Adulteration and Additives in Lemon Juice Based on Analyzing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

In light of the frequent occurrence counterfeit food sold in global commercial markets, it is necessary to verify authenticity tasty natural-plant-based products by checking their labels, as well pricing and quality control. Lemon juice has repeatedly been victim fraud attempts manufacturers lower price products. Electronic noses are used many fields, including beverage industry, for classification This involves detection differentiation volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from food. study evaluated pure lemon 11 samples (water, pulp, wheat straw) using an electronic nose equipped with 8 metal oxide sensors detect fraud. Chemometric methods such principal component analysis (PCA), linear quadratic (LDA), support vector machines (SVMs), artificial neural networks (ANNs) were analyze response patterns sensors. The outputs eight considered input model number groups, its adulterations also output model. Of total data, 60% (for training), 20% validation), testing) used. According results, all models had accuracy more than 95%, Nu-SVM function method highest among models. Hence, can be concluded that based on semiconductor combined chemometric effective tool high efficiency rapid nondestructive counterfeits.